{"id":7,"date":"2026-03-31T19:07:53","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T19:07:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/?page_id=7"},"modified":"2026-04-16T17:18:53","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T15:18:53","slug":"start","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/","title":{"rendered":"Start"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"goal\">Project Objective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The project addresses an important issue concerning the development of drug delivery systems for the local treatment of bone and bone marrow infections. Osteomyelitis (OM) is an inflammatory condition of bone tissue and bone marrow, and it is one of the most difficult infectious diseases to treat. Bone infections that are not properly treated can lead to serious complications, including: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>bone necrosis, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>arthritis, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>impaired bone growth, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and even death. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The most commonly isolated pathogen (over 75% of OM cases) is Staphylococcus aureus. Other strains responsible for OM include enterococci, streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading text-navy-blue\">Osteomyelitis can develop in anyone, but the risk is higher if the patient:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text media-text-container\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/supervisor_account_31dp_1F1F1F_FILL0_wght400_GRAD-25_opsz24-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>is under 13 years of age;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text media-text-container\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/rheumatology_31dp_1F1F1F_FILL0_wght400_GRAD-25_opsz24.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-60 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>has previously had osteomyelitis;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text media-text-container\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/glucose_31dp_1F1F1F_FILL0_wght400_GRAD-25_opsz24.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-58 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>has diabetes, especially if they have a foot ulcer;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text media-text-container\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/healing_31dp_1F1F1F_FILL0_wght400_GRAD-25_opsz24.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>has fractures or wounds;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text media-text-container\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/surgical_31dp_1F1F1F_FILL0_wght400_GRAD-25_opsz24.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-63 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>has undergone surgery;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text media-text-container\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/shield_with_heart_31dp_1F1F1F_FILL0_wght400_GRAD-25_opsz24.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-61 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>has a weakened immune system (for example, due to chemotherapy or HIV).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and includes:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns stages-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"disease-stage\" id=\"stage-1\">antibiotic therapy: several weeks of intravenous administration of antibiotics such as vancomycin and ciprofloxacin;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"disease-stage\" id=\"stage-2\">surgical removal of infected tissues;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"disease-stage\" id=\"stage-3\">use of a local drug delivery system;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"disease-stage\" id=\"stage-4\">in extreme cases, limb amputation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"goals\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The aim of the project is to obtain a carrier for two antibiotics\u2014vancomycin and ciprofloxacin\u2014for local drug delivery in the treatment of bone and bone marrow infections.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Obecnie g\u0142\u00f3wnym problemem w leczeniu infekcji jest oporno\u015b\u0107 bakterii na \u015brodki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe. Spowodowane jest to g\u0142\u00f3wnie niew\u0142a\u015bciwym, zbyt kr\u00f3tkim lub nadmiernym stosowaniem antybiotyk\u00f3w. Niestety liczba szczep\u00f3w bakterii wykazuj\u0105cych oporno\u015b\u0107 na \u015brodki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe i zakres oporno\u015bci wci\u0105\u017c wzrasta.&nbsp;Naukowcy szacuj\u0105, \u017ce do 2050 r. antybiotykooporno\u015b\u0107 mo\u017ce przyczyni\u0107 si\u0119 do \u015bmierci nawet 10 mln ludzi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, new treatment strategies are urgently needed, such as the approach proposed in this project, which focuses on the local delivery of antibacterial drugs to infected sites. The aim of the project is to develop a carrier for two antibiotics\u2014vancomycin and ciprofloxacin\u2014for local drug delivery in the treatment of bone and bone marrow infections. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this project, we propose the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers from solutions of calcium, magnesium, or strontium salts, combined with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The resulting nanoflowers will be used to immobilize two antibiotics used in the treatment of osteomyelitis, namely vancomycin and ciprofloxacin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The drug-loaded nanoflowers will be suspended in a hydrogel matrix to create an injectable gel that gradually releases antibiotics at the site of infection. An optimal method for producing the individual components of the drug delivery system will be developed. The drug release profile from the carriers, as well as the stability, degradation time, and antibacterial properties of the developed systems, will be thoroughly investigated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nanokwiaty\">Nanoflowers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Hybrid nanoflowers are micrometer-sized structures that exhibit a structural resemblance to flowers (SEM images). The \u201cnano-\u201d prefix comes from the numerous nanometer-sized petals that make up the nanoflower structure. The history of hybrid nanoflowers began in 2012, when they were discovered by Ge and co-workers as a result of the accidental addition of a CuSO<sub>4<\/sub> solution to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing bovine serum albumin (BSA). Regardless of the components used in synthesis, the mechanism of hNF formation is very similar and consists of four stages: nucleation, coordination, precipitation, and self-assembly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column nanokwiaty-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"carousel-slider-outer carousel-slider-outer-image-carousel carousel-slider-outer-97\" style=\"--carousel-slider-nav-color:#f1f1f1;--carousel-slider-active-nav-color:#00d1b2;--carousel-slider-arrow-size:48px;--carousel-slider-bullet-size:10px\">\n<div id=\"&#039;id-97\" class=\"carousel-slider carousel-slider-97 arrows-visibility-hover dots-visibility-never arrows-outside dots-center dots-circle owl-carousel\" data-slide-type=\"image-carousel\" data-owl-settings='{\"nav\":true,\"dots\":false,\"slideBy\":1,\"stagePadding\":0,\"margin\":10,\"loop\":true,\"lazyLoad\":false,\"autoplay\":true,\"autoplayTimeout\":5000,\"autoplaySpeed\":500,\"autoplayHoverPause\":true,\"autoWidth\":false,\"responsive\":{\"300\":{\"items\":1},\"576\":{\"items\":1},\"768\":{\"items\":1},\"1024\":{\"items\":1},\"1280\":{\"items\":1},\"1536\":{\"items\":1}}}'>\n<div class=\"carousel-slider__item\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"carousel-slider__item\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-1.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"carousel-slider__item\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-1.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div><!-- .carousel-slider-97 -->\n<\/div><!-- .carousel-slider-outer-97 -->\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first stage, metal ions attach via electrostatic interactions to negatively charged phosphate residues (PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>3-<\/sup> ), forming primary crystals. Then, as a result of coordination bonds formed between the metal ions and nitrogen atoms from amino groups, protein immobilization occurs. This leads to the formation of primary nanopetals, which begin to aggregate, initiating the self-assembly process.The petals continue to grow, forming a multilayered structure that resembles flowers in shape. The growth of hNFs is completed when the hierarchical structure becomes saturated<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group text-more\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>So far, nanoflowers have been synthesized using copper (the vast majority), other transition metals, and alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium. Considering the potential biomedical applications of hybrid nanoflowers, the use of non-toxic metal ions should be taken into account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Copper is a trace element with a recommended daily intake of approximately 1\u201310 mg. Although copper ions are essential for many biological processes, an excess of copper exhibits cellular toxicity. Ingestion of more than 1 g of copper sulfate causes symptoms of poisoning and may be fatal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For comparison, 1 g per day is the recommended intake of calcium, which in certain cases may be more than twice as high. Calcium is an essential element for the formation of bones and teeth. Calcium homeostasis in plasma plays a crucial role in regulating hormone secretion, vascular function, and other processes such as cell growth and migration, as well as neuronal stimulation. Therefore, calcium was selected as a non-toxic ion for the formation of hybrid nanoflowers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons btn-more is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">More<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"591\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/cleaning.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-107\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The use of drug delivery systems aims to reduce the frequency of drug administration while maintaining an appropriate concentration of the active substance in tissues over a specified period of time. In this way, they improve therapeutic effectiveness and reduce adverse side effects of drugs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main challenge in developing drug delivery systems is to ensure adequate protection during transport and the release of active substances at the right place and time in the body, in a safe and reproducible manner. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of carriers for drug delivery provides numerous benefits. It improves the solubility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of drugs, enables controlled release and targeted delivery, and thus reduces their toxicity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, the physicochemical properties of carriers can be modified by changing their chemical composition, size, and shape. The use of carriers in drug delivery aims to achieve more effective pharmacological treatment with minimal side effects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Based on the type of material from which drug delivery systems can be synthesized, they can be divided into three categories:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Z&nbsp;uwagi na fakt, \u017ce ko\u015bci to uk\u0142ady organiczno (oseina)- nieorganiczne (hydroksyapatyt), nasza uwaga badawcza skupi\u0142a&nbsp;si\u0119 wok\u00f3\u0142 hybrydowych no\u015bnik\u00f3w&nbsp;lek\u00f3w. W&nbsp;projekcie planowane jest otrzymanie r\u00f3\u017cnych struktur tzw. nanokwiat\u00f3w&nbsp;hybrydowych, wykorzystuj\u0105c biomoleku\u0142y, takie jak albuminy oraz sole wapnia, strontu i&nbsp;magnezu i&nbsp;wykorzystanie ich jako no\u015bnik\u00f3w&nbsp;dla wankomycyny i&nbsp;ciprofloksacyny.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inorganic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Inorganic-DDS-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-116\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Organic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Organic-DDS.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-113\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Organic-inorganic (hybrid)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Hybrid-DDS.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-111\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cel projektu Projekt dotyczy wa\u017cnego zagadnienia dotycz\u0105cego wytwarzania no\u015bnik\u00f3w lek\u00f3w do lokalnego zwalczania zaka\u017ce\u0144 ko\u015bci i szpiku. Zapalenie ko\u015bci i szpiku (OM &#8211; z \u0142ac. osteomyelitis) to stan zapalny tkanki kostnej i szpiku kostnego, kt\u00f3ry jest jedn\u0105 z najtrudniejszych do wyleczenia chor\u00f3b zaka\u017anych. \u0003Infekcje ko\u015bci, kt\u00f3re nie s\u0105 odpowiednio leczone, mog\u0105 powodowa\u0107 powa\u017cne komplikacje, w [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"views\/page-start.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":67,"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":237,"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions\/237"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibib.waw.pl\/ndsnanoflowers\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}